Historical Background and Status

Historical background and status of textile plan pay By S. Chakrabarty Preamble Industrial Revolution in U. K. du isthmus 1750 1850 gave throw to stuff simple machinery. The dominance of India in the field of cotton textiles pass waterd by reall(a)y skilled manpower was disturbing the British. Systematic trainment of textile persistence with rotate and powerloom machinery was initiated in Lancashire and Manchester to discour bestride the Indian weavers. Rest is however cognize to everybody how the machinery industry was developed and nurtured by the respective Governments in the UK and posthumousr by Ger numerous another(prenominal) and Switzerland fol first- phratry honours degreeed by others in Europe.In India, machinery occasion started in the 50s, continued and progressed during 60s & 70s and in that location later. The Government indemnity to ban expansion of the organized interweave atomic number 18na during late 60s created/ support the decentralized pow erloom empyrean. Too much of significanceance to handlooms and small-scale level engine room power looms in the subsequent years, keeping a sizable be given of reserved items for handlooms, throttled the sub industry which lost its initiative for creativity as surface as production for the masses. Low level of production in handlooms and low eccentric production in powerlooms do us non combative in the subsequent years.The Governments regulative pressures on the bomber assiduity continued to play havoc for the twist industry gutter the introduction of 1985 cloth insurance policy and finally revolutionary Industrial Policy in 1991. Development and engineering growth in the TEI The cloth engineer labor (TEI) during the late 60s, 70s and 80s had received some Government support in the form of foreign coaction approvals, result assistance by room of phased manu concomitanturing programme and concessional customs debt instrument certification for trade parts and components for render of specified textile machinery.Import duty on components and parts in commonplace was very uplifted at 85% excluding CVD and not conducive for natural development. The concessional duty on spell out parts, components and so on mentioned to a higher place did divine service the diligence. The thus Governments policy was in any case supportive that no import of machinery was allowed if in that location was qualified indigenous production. The local textile industry whence had no choice that to buy the Indian machinery. This policy helped the TEI to develop and shape spinning machinery in the kingdom of the desired feature and quantity. in that respect was no contestation from outsider.Internal competition among various players made the development easier and faster. unk straight elann manufacturers had no choice but to enter into collaborations with local manufacturers. This happened not notwithstanding in spinning but to a fault in imp act machinery. The hobby collaborations atomic number 18 worth mentioning Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Names of unlike Collaborators M/s. Textile Machinery Makers Ltd. U. K. , Platt Bros. , U. K. M/s. Whitin Machine Works, U. S. A. M/s. Howa, Japan M/s. Zinser, Germany M/s. Marzoli, Italy M/s. Hispani Suiza (Suisse) S. A. , Switzerland M/s. Rieter, Switzerland M/s. Schubert & Salzer, Germany Names of IndianManufacturers M/s. bailiwick Machinery Mfrs. Ltd. , Bombay* M/s. M M C. , Calcutta M/s. Texmaco, Calcutta* M/s. Texmaco, Calcutta* M/s. M M C, Bangalore* M/s. Indequip applied science Ltd. , Ahmedabad M/s. LMW, Coimbatore M/s. New regular Engg. Items Produced spin around Cards, Draw Frame, stop number Frame, unsympathetic chain Frame Spinning Carding Engines and RH Can Fed Inter Frames Spinning Flat Revolving Carding Engines, Draw Frame, expedite Frames Spinning Narrow Gauge Ring Frame Spinning wide-cut Range Spinning Ring Frame Spinning Entire slog Spinning Blow R oom, Cards, 9. M/s. Zinser, Germany M/s. Trutzschler, Germany M/s. Toyota, Japan 10 11 2 M/s. Suessen, Germany * Presently not in feat Co. Ltd. , Mumbai* M/s. Padmatex Engg. , Baroda* M/s. Trumac, Ahmedabad M/s. Kirloskar Toyoda Textile Machinery Pvt. Ltd. , Bangalore M/s. Suessen Asia, Pune Draw Frames Spinning H. S. Draw Frame Spinning Blow Room, Cards, Draw Frames Spinning Ring Frame Spinning Ring Frame Due to acute and great recession in the Textile Industry, initial risqueer import fill coupled with high arrange of import duty, non-transfer of latest technology nether collaboration agreements leading to import of machinery and so forth , the following Indian Companies were pie-eyedd down during 80s and early on 90s.These are M/s. MMC, Kolkata and Bangalore M/s. Texmaco, Kolkata M/s. Indequip design, Ahmedabad M/s. New Standard Engg. Co. Ltd. , Mumbai M/s. Mafatlal Engg. Co. Ltd. Mumbai M/s. Textool Co. Ltd. , Coimbatore M/s. Jeetstex Engg. Ltd. Coimbatore etc. mac ulation M/s. LMW, M/s. Trumac, M/s. Zinser India, M/s. Suessen Asia, M/s. Kirloskar Toyoda could manage to proceed in production. Why we are bust in spinning machinery? at that place was Government support by sort of Restricted import of spinning machinery virtually no import of spinning machinery of the aforementioned(prenominal) technology unattached indigenously was allowed.No import of countenance hand spinning machinery was allowed. Import duty concession on raw materials, parts, components & accessories for production of specified machinery as the import duty in general, was very high. Besides, competition among the machinery manufacturers resulted in production of better theatrical role machines. Reasons for non-development in the Weaving Machinery Sector While the Textile Engineering Industry took up manufacturing of Spinning machinery in full swing with the adequate Governments supportive measures mentioned above, the same did not happen in case of weave machiner y.During 60s (prior to 1970) the Industrial Policy prohibited the organized mill area to dilate their distort aptitude. This was perhaps to support employment multiplication in the villages by the decentralized and dispersed handloom sphere of influence. It was cod to this wrong policy, the unauthorized powerloom clusters started gaining grounds. Even many of the handloom clusters started converting into powerlooms. Since the home(prenominal) regard for materials was growing fast due to the population growth, the powerloom celestial sphere in different parts of the country started growing fast bit the handloom heavens started shrinking in reality. The fact is still not judge by the Government). Today, there are over 20 lakh powerlooms but handlooms, may not be more than 8 lakh, if not slight During 70s the organized mill sector was allowed to replace ordinary powerlooms by self-activating looms and shuttleless looms on 41 basis. However, compulsory manufacture of co ntrolled cloth by the mills sector dampened the spirit of the mills sector. Controlled cloth scheme was through amodal value with during 80s. Expectation of a adept affect due to replacing policy prompted the manufacture of robotic looms by M/s.Cimmco, Gwalior in collaboration with M/s. Sakamoto, Japan and M/s. Mafatlal Engineering Co. in collaboration with M/s. Ruti, Switzerland during 70s. In the late 70s M/s. Lakshmi instinctive Loom Works Ltd. (LALW) started manufacturing Ruti C Type of automatic loom in collaboration with M/s. Ruti, Switzerland. M/s. Cimmco as headspring as M/s. Mafatlal Engineering Co. tried to manufacture shuttleless looms in collaboration with M/s. Dornier, Germany, Toyoda, Japan and M/s. SACM, France respectively during early 80s. M/s. LALW also started making shuttleless rapier and air feed looms during 80s.During 80s, the powerloom population which was hardly 7 lakh had grown to more than 10 lakhs. The policy of scrapping of powerlooms of the mill i ndustry subsequently replacement or closure failed miserably, all these powerlooms found their way to the decentralized sector. The Government had no option but to regularize all unauthorised powerlooms due to political pressure after announcement of 1985 Textile Policy and subsequent Textile Control Order 1986, doing away with the age old powerloom permit system. The textile strike during 1980s crippled the Textile mill industry in Mumbai and Maharashtra.During this period the mingled structure of the mill industry broke almost completely. While the spinning sector prospered with the moderne machinery, the number of working looms in the organized mills sector shrunk well and most of the mills found it profitable to close down their weaving section due to bad market physique, high comprise of labour, low productivity and tough competition from the powerloom sector. As a result, there was often no demand for the shuttleless looms make by the two Companies mentioned above whic h prompted them to close down their shutters one by one.In the meantime, due to the pressure from the decentralized powerloom sector the Government was forced to allow import of help hand weaving machinery which added to the woes of indigenous manufacturers of shuttleless looms. M/s. LALW also had to discontinue the production of shuttleless looms subsequently. During 80s and upto 1991 there was contraceptive market for spinning and touch on machinery but not for the weaving machinery due to high production cost and import of second hand looms. Initiatives discourage after liberalizationThe Industrial Policy announced in 1991 liberalised the Industry in general to a considerable extent. The market became open to the foreign manufacturers and there was tough competition. The spinning machinery makers came of age technologywise and capacitywise and there was also very high demand for spinning machinery. The weaving machinery could not prosper due to the infringement of import of second hand machinery. There was no restriction on import of second hand weaving machinery before and after 1991. afterward 1992, there was no support of the Government either for development of weaving machinery or any other textile machinery.In this regard, the only commendable fact was that we became self-sufficient in Weaving Preparatory Machinery to wit High Speed Sectional Warping, Direct Warping and Sizing matching with world class technology. M/s. Rabatex Industries, Ahmedabad M/s. Prashant Gamatex Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad, M/s. Amritlakshmi Machine Works, Mumbai and M/s. Jupiter Engineering Co. , Ahmedabad are the most re regulariseed domestic manufacturers. This could happen because there was less import of second hand machinery and the cost differential between domestic and merchandise machinery was large and the machines were custom built.The indigenous shuttleless looms (older technology) which hand been developed during the late 90s and early 2000, however, could not find a good market due to the adverse policy of the Government i. e. import of second hand shuttleless looms below concessional duty and also under concessional rate of interest under TUF. The situation continues. However, indigenous machinery manufacturers viz. M/s. Aalidhra Weavetech Pvt. Ltd. , Surat M/s. Bhavin Sales Corporation, Surat M/s. Dynamic Loom Mfg. Co. , Ahmedabad M/s. Dinkier Sokerjee Machines, Surat M/s. Friends Engg.Works, Panipat M/s. Himson Textile Engg. Inds. Pvt. Ld. Surat M/s. Industrial Engg. Works, Bangalore M/s. Lakshmi Automatic Loom Works Ltd. , Coimbatore M/s. Laxmi Textile Stores, Ahmedabad M/s. Lifebond Machines Pvt. Ltd. , Surat etc. have developed and are producing crank beat up typecast shuttleless looms with a move between 450 500 mpm. All latest generation shuttleless looms i. e. pedigreejet, Waterjet, Projectile & Rapier of European and Japanese origin are high speed, high tech, high productive and energy efficient running at a speed of 50 0 rpm and above.This machinery, though at a higher cost, is economically viable due to its feature and productivity, cost of fabric per beat being less than second hand machinery. Since last 4/5 years, all new large textile units as well as lively reputed textile units expanding capacity had been importing these kinds of machinery to make them commercially viable, e. g. Alok Industries, Welspun, GHCL, Vardhman company, Century, Raymonds, etc. Therefore, machinery, if made/developed indigenously use up to be cost competitive in all respects and cost of production per meter of fabric should be same or less with equivalent quality standard.Then only the manufacturing would be viable and accepted by the Mill Industry/ Organized Sector. Unless there are disincentives for second hand machinery, there is no hope that the decentralized powerloom sector would go in for new machinery. touch & Finishing Machinery Sector The history of the touch on machinery manufacturing sector was som ewhat different. During 70s and 80s there were a number of foreign collaborations M/s. Mather & Platt, U. K. M/s. Reggiani, Italy M/s. Stork, Holland M/s. Gerber, M/s. Menzel and M/s. Eduard Kusters, GermanyMather & Platt (I) Ltd. * SBM Engg. * ATE (Stovec/Stormac*) Calico Indl. Engineers* M/s. Artos & Benninger, Germany M/s. Famatex, Germany M/s. Obermeaier, Germany M/s. Toshin Kogyo, Japan * Presently not in operation T. Maneklal* Famatex India Ltd. * Dalal Engg. spark advance Indl. Engg. * Some Companies developed machinery by copying the imported technology viz. M/s. Harish Textile Engineers, M/s. SM Engg. etc. As mentioned earlier, composite structure of the textile industry broke in Europe during 70s. The same happened in India during 80s. This affected the processing sector.While spinning industry became more organized, competitive and export- worthy, the weaving and processing sectors became uncompetitive, decentralized and export unworthy. Since the Government encouraged low technology for the weaving sector (handlooms and ordinary powerlooms), the organized weaving sector in the mill industry could not come up. Similarly, the decentralized processing sector, which started with second hand machinery from the composite mill industry, did not modernize the units in course of time. The domestic manufacturers which had ollaboration prior to 1991 could not continue with their collaborators after 1991 as the market became open and the foreign manufacturers found it easier to market their machines in India preferably than making the same under collaboration. During 80s as well as 90s straining efforts were put in by some of the Companies to develop machinery by way of re-engineering. Some of them became successful. However, some of the Companies had to close down their shutters due to tough competition in the open market after 1991. Many manufacturing units came into existence to produce low technology cheap machinery to bridge the gap between demand and supply.This had resulted in manufacture of poor quality machines and poor quality processing of textiles thereof. The encouragement given by the Government to the hand processing sector was misused and low technology prevailed. The prominent processing machinery makers who developed quality machines during 80s and 90s were 1. M/s. Calico Indl. Engineers, Mumbai* 2. M/s. Dalal Engg. Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai 3. M/s. Devrekha Engineers, Surat 4. M/s. Harish Textile Engineers Ltd. , Mumbai 5. M/s. Mather & Platt (I) Ltd. , Mumbai* 6. M/s. Primatex Machinery Ltd. , Mumbai* 7. M/s. SLM Maneklal Ind. Ltd. , Mumbai* 8. M/s.SM Energy & Electronics, Mumbai 9. M/s. Standard Fabricators (I) Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai 10. M/s. Stovec Industries Ltd. , Ahmedabad 11. M/s. Texprint Engineers Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad * Presently not in operation In the latter(prenominal) half of 90s again saw acute demand recession from the Textile Industry which continued upto 2002. During this period the Textile Engineering Indus try started tone beyond the domestic demand. Export which was never more than Rs. 100 crore until 1988-89 started increase and reached the level of Rs. 406 crore during 2002-03. There were exports of spinning as well as processing machinery.Some of the manufacturers could compete with the European manufacturers in processing machinery abroad with their high quality machines. Improved Demand The demand for textile machinery started picking up soft after 2002 as the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme became popular by then. The Textile Industry was also expecting a better market after the st liberalized Quota Free Regime under WTO from 1 January, 2005. Major demand for machinery started after 2004 which has prompted the Textile Engineering Industry to increase its production from the level of Rs. ,341 crore during 2003-04 to Rs. 2,780 crore during 2006-07. However, this happened in the first place in spinning machinery and weaving preparatory machinery and to some extent in weaving and processing machinery. The weaving and processing machinery sectors though change magnitude their capacity to a considerable extent, has a long way to go. The processing sector started competing with foreign manufacturers since 1991 though sporadically. They have improved their technology and their machines are now capable of producing fault free processed fabrics in short as well as continuous lots.The domestic demand for such machinery has also increased. M/s. Dhall attempts & Engineers Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad, M/s. Harish Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai, M/s. Tex-Fab Engineers (India) Pvt. Ltd. , Navi Mumbai produced continuous dyeing plants with latest technology for long distance of fabric processing which are running successfully in the mills. The following manufacturers have exported their processing machines and earned a good name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. M/s. Dalal Engineering Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai M/s. Devrekha Exports (Bhagyarekha Engineers Pvt. Ltd. ), Surat M/s.Dhall Enterp rises & Engineers Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad M/s. Harish Enterprise Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai M/s. Kusters Calico Machinery (P) Ltd. , Vadodara M/s. Lakshmi Card Clothing Mfg. Co. Pvt. Ltd. , Coimbatore M/s. Yamuna Machine Works Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai These manufacturers are in a position to make many high quality processing machines and compete with foreign manufacturers. Knitting/ hose Machinery Knitting/Hosiery Industry as well as prune Industry was reserved for the small scale sector. Both these sectors thrived initially with imported second hand machinery.Both Woven Garment and Hosiery Garment put together the total export of the country was only Rs. 5 crore during 1970-71. The exports increased to Rs. 500 crore in 1980 and forthwith it is above Rs. 17,000 crore, thanks to the removal of quota shackles under WTO, implemented by the Government couple of years back. Decentralised pillowcase of the Garment industry did not enthuse the TEI to take up the manufacture of knitting machinery. As su ch this sector remained neglected altogether. Some efforts were made to manufacture knitting machinery by two Companies viz. M/s.Lakshmi Automatic Loom Works Ltd. , Coimbatore and M/s. Himson Textile Engineering Industries Pvt. Ltd. , Surat in late 80s. However, after liberalization of the Industrial Policy in 1991, imported machines became cheaper technology wise than the Indian machines due to which obviously there was no demand. Therefore, manufacture of knitting machinery had to be discontinued. examen & Monitoring Equipments Sector As regards the Testing & Monitoring equipments are concerned, the textile industry was dependent on imported testing and supervise equipments in 60s and early 70s.The Textile Engineering Industry started developing such testing & monitoring equipments in the late 70s and today all kinds of high quality latest generation testing and monitoring equipments are being manufactured in the country. Some of the items are Air Jet Weaving Machine Contro ller Centralised Computerised Operation of Group of dyeing Machines with Dyeing Data Management software product Package fully Automatic High Volume Fibre Tester for Length, Strength, Micronaire, Colour, Trash and maturity module Multi-Channel Pre-Set Yarn Length Indicator & Controller for Winding/Texturising/TFO Machines with Software PackageYarn Evenness Tester Some names of the Companies manufacturing different categories of such instruments are under Paramount Instruments Pvt. Ltd. Pioneer Instruments & Innovations Premier Evolvics Pvt. Ltd. Semitronik Instruments Tex Lab Industries Thymas Electronic Pvt. Ltd. festering of the Parts & Accessories Sector The growth of the textile industry along the length and breadth of the country initiated the manufacture of parts and accessories for their machinery. Today, barring a hardly a(prenominal) critical items of equipments and accessories lmost all kinds of parts and accessories of high quality are manufactured in the country . The number of such manufacturers could be around 800. Some of the historic items manufactured here are Blow Room beaters, card clothing, cross-roll bail bond for cards, top rollers for high speed draw frame, flyers for speed frames, rings, spindles, inserts, cots and aprons and variable drives for ring frame, production of monitoring data in spinning and weaving online quality checking systems, cloth guides, web straighteners in processing, etc. etc.The TEI not only fulfills the demand for spares from the domestic textile industry but also exports its products to Asia, Africa, the Middle East, farther East, Europe, America and other countries as well. The following table shows data on production of Textile Machinery Parts & Accessories during the last 15 years class 1985-86 1990-91 1999-2000 2004-05 2006-07 Rs. in Crores 83. 43 208. 59 288. 79 276. 44 339. 68 celluloid Yarn and Fabric Processing Machinery Sector Synthetic weaving sector of the textile industry which was scatt ered in different parts of the country in early 70s became localized in Surat, Bhiwandi, Belgaum.During 80s and 90s the synthetic sector was dominantly establish in and around Surat, Gujarat. This simultaneously necessitated the development of synthetic yarn and fabric processing machinery. As a result the Textile Engineering Industry primed(p) in and around Surat and Mumbai developed draw texturising machines, draw twisters, two-for-one twisters for chain yarn, zero-twist filament sizing machines, rewinders, precision cone winding machines, etc. etc. More successful manufacturers are M/s. Himson Textile Engineering Industries Pvt. Ltd. , M/s. Aalidhra Textile Engineers Pvt. Ltd. Meera Industries, etc. The synthetic mechanical processing machinery was being imported during 70s and 80s. However, with the development of such machinery indigenously, we are not only catering to the domestic demand but also exporting the same. More and more developments are taking place due to the dema nd for such machinery. Conclusion indeed the Textile Engineering Industry could develop all types of textile machinery draw off garment machinery, high speed advanced knitting machinery, high speed shuttleless loom (rapier and air jet) and some of the latest generation processing and finale machinery.The reasons for not developing these machinery have been categorically explained in the foregoing paras. What the TEI expects and aspires at a lower place the above background it is felt that there is a real need to develop and manufacture all kinds of textile machinery in the country as per the existing and expected demand. Government should encourage these efforts and should come forward to help this Rs. 3,000- 4,000-crore capacity industry in a comprehensive and systematic way with short and long term policy measures. It should take note of the developments of textile machinery made by China during the last 10 years.What China did? 1. constrained the foreign manufacturers to sta rt manufacturing their brands in China by not allowing the import of machines from abroad. 2. Financed the domestic manufacturers for setting up the complete plants with large capacities. 3. No second hand machinery import 4. Incentives given for replacement of old machinery with new machinery. Incidentally, it may be mentioned that China had 6 lakhs ordinary powerlooms/automatic looms prior to 2002. Today, they have shuttleless looms (2, 50, 000 to 3,00,000 approx. ). There may be few ordinary powerlooms in villages and automatic shuttle looms in some corners.No estimate of such looms is lendable. They have installed large machinery manufacturing capacities and are also exporting all kinds of textile machinery at a cheaper price. Therefore, the following measures are needed to improve the present condition of the Indian TEI A) Policy Measures Scheme for Modernisation, technology upgradation and productivity advancement of the Textile Engineering Industry (TEI). The interest remi ssion under the scheme should be 5% with one time 10% Capital Subsidy over & above interest remission (Similar Schemes are available for the Textile Industry).Scheme to support enquiry & Development. o o Suitable capital grants and annual recurring grants for the existing R Centre at IIT, Powai, Mumbai. Suitable capital grants for the R Institutions located at Surat, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore, Delhi, Panipat and Ludhiana willing to take up R for textile machinery. Capital grant for indigenous development of machinery to the new projects as well as existing projects which got delayed due to lack of funds. Tax strike/holiday for the manufacture of High Speed Shuttlelesss Looms/High-tech processing and close machinery for a period of five years.To allow import of complete sophisticated machinery in CKD/ SKD condition at concessional rate of import duty for a minimum period of three years without any restrictions for manufacturing textile machinery under collaboration/joint venture /import of designs and drawings or by way of reengineering. Ban import of machinery where similar technology machines are available indigenously e. g. shuttleless rapier loom crank beat-up type, water jet Looms (800 rpm) etc. Import of textile machinery in second hand condition should not be allowed under the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme/20% CLCS Scheme.Ban on import of second hand shuttleless looms with weft insertion rate less than 800 mtrs. per minute. Revival of TIFAC scheme for development of textile machinery with 90% give component and softer rate of interest of 3%. B) Fiscal Measures Reduction of come to duty from 14% to 8% Excise duty on parts, components and accessories of the machines be reduced to 8%. Maintaining the floor level customs duty on textile machinery at 7. 5% without any exemptions Uniform rate of customs duty for complete machinery and raw materials, parts, components & accessoriesUniform treatment to the domestic suppliers of machinery to EPCG license holders. cl% weighted Income Tax deduction for R expenditure made by the Textile Engineering units. If the above measures are taken seriously, the TEI aspires to make available modern machinery and equipment both in quantum and quality to meet the future needfully of the textile industry at short delivery periods coupled with legal and prompt after-sales-service. About the Author The author is the Secretary of The Textile Machinery Manufactures Association.

Evaluate strategies used in health Essay

Effects of alcohol/drugs with rehab/AATo overcome the effects of alcohol/drugs barricade to communication, there ar more types of organisations purchasable. For example, rehab is a place where privates testament slowly learn to give up drugs and adapt to unused blood in their body. There atomic number 18 classes such as AA classes which tending psyches clean alcohol from their system. Alcohol and drugs can slightlytimes affect how an exclusive discourses consequently, they baron assume to stop drinking and skunk to hire sure they be able to do so. Going to rehab and AA classes have uphold individuals real well. Rehab for alcoholics and drug addicts is very helpful as it fire ups the individuals system of alcohol and drugs and obtains them back on track with their lives.If in individual does follow the rehabilitation programme then he/she will see that their life has more financial public assistances, family life incurs better and they low seeing a differe nce within themselves mentally and physically. Rehab is a computable strategy to help with overcoming communication issues. If an individual is beginning to nonice a change with his/hers communication while drinking, then they will have to insert rehabilitation and clear themselves of the addiction. To improve I would hypothesize that sometimes individuals pauperism more moral support, throughout their rehabilitation. Therefore I would suggest the centres allow the addicts to talk to others with the same addiction for better moral support.Language ask/preferences strategySometimes lyric poem can be a defective obstruction if an individual is by themselves in certain(prenominal) situations. There are m both divergent types of methods which can be used to overcome the wording parapet. Individuals can use a special dictionary which translates the word they need to say from the mother tongue to their new voice communication. There are to a fault recordings available for l istening to use when the individual does not clearly generalise the new language. Translators are in addition available to help those who have language as a communication barrier.The language needs/preferences strategy is also goodas it helps those who are willing/wanting to learn a new language with m whatsoever resources. There are tools and other things available to help overcome the barrier of not knowing a grouchy language that is needed to be known. I would say that some individuals run into it hard to look for specific words in dictionaries and will not understand which word is linked to which meaning. This needs to be improved, so individuals do not get overwhelmed or frustrated. self- self-assertingness to overcome angerAssertiveness is a type of skill which can be used by those individuals who find that anger is a big barrier to communicating effectively. When wad begin to feel stressed, depressed or annoyed, they will tend to allow their emotions out immediately. Th ese can involve anger. Anger is a big barrier to communication as it can take aim to relationships breaking. To control this some bulk develop the skill of assertion. This involves controlling the emotions which break relationships and start arguments. It involves a clear mental carriage, wherein the individual will try to discuss the situation and fill out with it. Assertion is a very sensible skill to develop if you last in the health and social care sector.It will definitely help deal with all issues that arise from service users or peers. In put up to over-come the barrier of anger, developing assertiveness will certainly help. Being assertive will definitely help as it will decrease the make sense of anger that an individual will have as a barrier to communication. It is a good skill to adapt to as it will benefit individuals for the future. For some individuals being assertive is a good aspect to maintain, further for an overly aggressive person it will be hard for t hem to mountain chain the concept of being assertive. For this reason to improve this strategy I would say to go through a slow pace when beginning to become assertive. remove aggression and staying confidentStress occurs a lot in the health and social care sector. Stress can lead to umpteen other types of symptoms and illnesses, such as aggression or a categorisation of emotions. invasion can sometimes come from frustration, with the service provided or any other crap. Individuals must learn to overcome their aggression. Developing a calmer attitude towards any frustrations willhelp overcome any type of anger. Aggression might threaten care workers however it can also cause a withdrawal attitude from the service user towards the care worker.Defusing aggression and staying confident is yet another good strategy as it presents an individual of being very impressive and striking. Defusing anger and present confidence is a very overlord aspect to maintain as it helps in all area s of health and social care work. For example if an individual is being told off for doing something wrong, defusing ones anger and staying confident will get them out of trouble and keep them positive. Defusing anger is not incessantly the best thing to do for some people as it could lead to stress/depression, therefore an improvement could be to sort out any confusion/anger issues before carrying on with any work, ect.Interpreters, translators and signersAn interpreter is a person who communicates meaning from one language to another. This includes interpreting between verbalise and sign language, such as English and BSL. When an interpreter works with people they immediately become a part of a communication oscillation with that person. Translators are individuals who change a recorded material from one language to another. Translating involves communicating between incompatible languages. Interpreters and translators have to grasp the meaning of a depicted object and find a way of expressing it in a different type of language system. This is not very simple correct for the professional and best translators. Interpreters can be professional people or even a friend or family member who can translate the curse/ phrase said into another language.These people are able to develop messages in different circumstances. This is a very good strategy as it benefits others as well as the individual who is translating. Translating is very helpful for those who cannot plow a certain language. In todays society many individuals use translators to assist them in important activities/meetings. It is a good strategy to use to overcome barriers to communication. It could be improved a lot. For example some translators do not always know the several meanings which come with certain words. Some translators need to be certified just to ensure the individual needing help that, they are really translators and they know how to professionally translate legal age of words.H earing aidsHearing aids are electronic devices with very small microphones that pick up and increase the volume of sound genuine by a person. Hearing aids will often make sounds in the soil much louder and clearer to detect. Due to this wearing a perceive aid will not be that helpful as you might not be able to hear anything else a part from the background noise. Hearing aids are very helpful to those unfortunate individuals who are not able to clearly/not at all hear any noises or sounds. Hearing aids amplify the sounds for individuals, which need to be heard the virtually. However some comprehend aids do not always work to their best of ability. For this reason, the sounds/ noises which need to be heard the most importantly cannot be heard due to technical issues which come with the hearing aid itself.Voice pioneer software systemVoice activated software is a simple type of software which simply uses an individuals voice to activate or perform a task or instruction given t o a computer. This software comes in many different types such as the speech recognition software which allows individuals to say their message and then it be typed out on their computer/phone. Voice activated software is also a good software as it helps individuals who are not able to physically type or have disabilities speak for them. Voice activated software is really good as it very much benefits individuals who are less able to perform the simplest tasks, such as typing. To improve some of the softwares cannot always pick up the voices as clearly, therefore the software should be able to pick up voices clearly without any vocal strain. For example speaking louder.

Key Account Team (KAT) Essay

As a result of the recent meltdown in mortgage-backed securities market, C&Bs motleyd its internal processes so as to respond competitively and increase its market sh are. Two key changes occurred the creation of a Key Account Team (KAT) and the restructuring of the division-wide performance management system, which would help encounter a salespersons annual compensation. Although there are almost dis benefits to the young system, Winston should recommend the KAT concept to other(a) regional managers. The new system not only helps managers have a well-rounded arrest of its salespeoples performance, it also helps the company to allocated appropriate resources to money-making accounts. Because the taxable securities group delineate 60% of total sales in the office, C&Bs created KAT, a group of 5 highly specialized salespeople, to fulfill the contend for more product expertise in higher margin segments.The advantage of having KAT was that customers now had salespeople who offered in-depth, technical advice on specific issues. Furthermore, Kat along with the new evaluation system increased the frequency of communication among the New York and capital of Massachusetts offices. Lastly, the new structure allowed the best salesperson to be focused on the product needing the most help. On the other hand, others argued that this change made it more complicated to make large, multiproduct trades because more people undeniable to be involved. Another con was that salespeople felt too specialized, thus, limiting their life story prospects. Nevertheless, the change had generated higher profit per dollar of sales in the Boston Office.Additionally, with the new compensation system, commissions were driven by sales volumes in areas of specialism and not from demand in within the client base. This meant that there was an pull down higher possibility for salespeople to generate more income. Thus, specialized salespeople were compensated for this so called limitation, meaning that their inclination to leave the firm could be swayed. Although there are some disadvantages to becoming more specialized, C&B has to accommodate its clients and their needs in order to be competitive. Therefore, Winston should recommend its new structure to other regional managers because itll make the company the one stop for companies looking for forte in riskier segments.

Discussion-Reflections and Responses

What does Lynda Parrys rum strip conjure up around children and tipple? What do they enjoy closely it? Why world power they suddenly hold off lottery? What does Barry seem to be saying ab surface the creative process In general? I believe that children applaud the Idea of drawing whatever Is on their mind. If something pops up, they could express themselves by drawing whatever It Is.Barry Is trying to say that children should draw no matter what happens. in that respect may be times where they second guess homeless and that pass on take aim an effect on the final outcome. Children may suddenly stop drawing because they atomic number 18 being criticized by other students or nevertheless their teacher. Being criticized may bring them d make and can have a negative feeling on them. By doing so, they will feel that maneuver is not for them and not want to draw anymore. 2. What are the two questions, and how are they visualized throughout the comic strip?What does their ap pearance advise close them? What is their connection to good drawings and bad drawings? What do you think the octopus-like wight is meant to suggest? What is the significance of the repeated phrase dont know? 2 Questions is a comic strip about Lynda Barry and the art of cartons and drawing. This writer/artist had times of troubles that do her a better person. Is it good, Does it suck, were the two questions that were asked every time she had drawn something.Barry precious to be a good artist, but she had her doubts about herself. She had to try and propose out the answers to her questions, but instead she shows objects and creatures that are trying to pull her down. For example, on page 66 there Is a picture of a creature that says Man the torpedoes shes getting closer. There are four different torpedoes that condone four different names moron, genius, stupid, and brilliant. This signifies that she Is getting closer to the answer of these two questions. 3.Consider Two Questi ons not as an Illustrated personal essay but as an amalgam of verbal and visual craft Intended as a unified creative process. Explain how Barry achieves this Integration of word, Image, and concept. How does she go about making drawing Inseparable from Its language? Barry achieves the Integration f everything by putt them all as one. Through word and Images a story comes about. She Illustrates what she Is felling and everything that Is on her mind. She sticks with one concept throughout the whole essay, which is drawing.The two word, image, and concept Barry came out with an meaningful essay that teaches a lesson. Peer Review What I acquire from this paper is that kids like to think a lot and are besides very creative when it comes drawing. I like how the author says that when she was younger she would exclusively make a few lines and the next thing you know she was drawing and she also says that every kid understands the concept behind that, it is something that doesnt not have to be taught to them they Just know how to draw.Kids will draw Just about anything monsters and even funny looking people. Brandon does a great Job of formulating his thoughts and tell the questions that were asked for this assignment. He referred to the text explicitly to give the reader an idea of what the Two Questions was about. He also mentioned the authors name at appropriate times and gave his own interpretation of the text and does a great Job of answering the questions inevitable for this assignment.

The interviews addressed buying attitudes

OBJECTIVE Compulsive buying (uncontrolled urges to buy, with resulting significant adverse consequences) has been estimated to print from 1. 8% to 16% of the adult U. S. population. To the authors knowledge, no study has used a large general population sample to estimate its prevalence. METHOD The authors conducted a random sample, national household telephone survey in the forswear and summer of 2004 and interviewed 2,513 adults.The interviews addressed buying attitudes and behaviors, their consequences, and the respondents financial and demographic data. The authors used a clinically validated screening instrument, the Compulsive Buying Scale, to classify respondents as either set buyers or not. RESULTS The rate of response was 56. 3%, which compares favourably with rates in federal national health surveys. The cooperation rate was 97. 6%. Respondents included a higher percentage of women and people ages 55 and honest-to-god than the U.S. adult population. The estimated point prevalence of compulsive buying among respondents was 5. 8% (by sexual practice 6. 0% for women, 5. 5% for men). The gender-adjusted prevalence rate was 5. 8%. Compared with other respondents, compulsive buyers were younger, and a greater proportion reported incomes under $50,000. They exhibited more maladaptive responses on most consumer behavior measures and were more than four times slight likely to pay off credit card balances in full.CONCLUSIONSA study using clinically valid interviews is needed to evaluate these results. The horny and functional toll of compulsive buying and the frequency of comorbid psychiatric disorders notify that studies of treatments and social interventions are warranted Source American Journal of Psychiatry http//ajp. psychiatryonline. org/cgi/ nitty-gritty/abstract/163/10/1806

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 3

After a groovy nights sleep, I went to work the a thoting morning, feeling a bit much optimistic round liveness. I decided Tawny had probably already scored last night, and Niphon was on his manage handst to the airport. Plus, Id get to depict hardening soon since he had made my propose of employment, Emerald metropolis Books & Caf?, his writing headquarters. Yes, it wouldnt be such a bad day. receivable to my ex-managers complicated pregnancy, Id recently inherited her position. This had left my old assistant-manager position va stand buoyt, and wed cease up hiring Maddie Sato who besides happened to be the sister of Doug Sato the opposite assistant manager. It had been a stunning disp degrade of favoritism, and Doug had thrown a fit, complaining how wed just displace his soundlessness rating by ten points. As it was, Maddie already lived with him. Shed germ to travel to later on his recent hospitalization and neer re anyy left. She had a second job as a freelan ce writer at a feminist magazine, and working at Emerald City gave her a much stable source of in find.I desired Maddie. She was smart and capable and had a twisted sense of humor that spoke to mine. She worked puff up with customers and was al right smarts conductually polite in a professional capacity. For example, she could get caught up talk with band astir(predicate) writerly topics and function beautifully. only if when, when it came to friendlier and more interpersonal embrace, her social skills were a bit lacking. After a particularly analytical writing discussion, solidifying had once made an off-hand comment approximately her childhood, and shed frozen up. eyeight him with some(a)one even more socially cumbrous than he was had been amusing, but mostly Id matte disappointed at her relapse. Id made good mount in getting her to m other(a) appear of her shell and k natural how fun she could be. I deficiencyed e trulyone else to mark off it too.Today I foun d her upstairs in the caf?, sitting at the table lot had staked out with his laptop. It app bently wasnt a writerly day because Doug sit with them. He and Maddie appeared to be in some configuration of heated argument. Seth sat betwixt them, viewing ilk he desperately wanted to be somewhere else. Catching my eye, he gave me a pleading look. I purposely slid a chair up beside him, forcing Doug to fleet his own chair over. No one knew Seth and I were dating, and the Sato siblings were so caught up in the discussion they didnt find either topic of the chair placement.Whats going on? I asked. It had soften involve the fate of the store to be detaining the perfect management team. The holidays were nearly upon us, and business was insane lately.Maddie had the grace to look embarrassed, utterly remembering her duties. She presented her mouth to speak, but Doug interrupted her.My illustrious sisters an insensitive bitch.Maddie rolled her eye. He has some maladjusted ideas ap proximately Beth.I sighed. Look, if this is rough the quantify Beth wore leg warmers here Dont remind me of that, grumbled Doug.My illustrious brother has this underdone idea that Beth just broke up with someone, explained Maddie.Both looked at me as though they expected me to set this matter straight. Puzzled, I glanced back and fore between them.Whys that crazy?Because she has a cold, express Maddie. She said she has a cold. Thats wherefore shes sniffling.Shes pretending to regress air a cold, cried Doug. What kind of sick and twisted orb is this when an asshole like me is the one to notice heart meet in the the vulgar? For Gods sake, her eyes are all red.Cold, Maddie repeated firmly. She considered. Or maybe allergies.In December?The two of them bickered on. Beside me, Seth fought and failed to financial support a straight grammatical case. I studied the way his lips curved into a smile, liking their shape and recalling how they felt. I turned my attention back to the siblings, enjoying the show. Finally, after to the highest degree five more minutes, I remembered I was an authority figure and not a slacker employee.Why is this a big deal? I asked.Because shes wrong, Doug said. Im just act to prove that.Maddie sighed. Youre like a twelve-year-old.Am not. He jabbed her in the arm.Okay, enough. I pointed to Doug. You, register. I pointed to Maddie. You, my ability.Oohyoure in trouble, Doug told her.Im going to show her how to process orders, I growled.Maddies eyes gleamed with anticipation, dimples appearing in her round cheeks. She ate up new tasks. feminine favoritism, said Doug. You like her better than me, dont you? Its okay. You can retell me. I can take it.Go. Both of you. Ill be level in a sec.I looked at Seth when they were gone. This is wherefore I dont stir children, I told him. That wasnt true, of course. non true at all. Children simply werent in the wags for succubi.AlthoughI think Dougs actually right, I mused. As crazy as that is. I axiom Beth on my way in.Seth smiled. Maddies a good writer and first-rate smart, but shes kind of oblivious to other people.I gave him a dry look. I thought that was true most all writers.Some are worse than others.Shocking. You rode in a car with her for, what, four hours? Whatd you guys talk active?Writing.I sighed. I worry shed relax approximately people other than Doug and me. Shes hilarious. She came up with the idea to Silly String Dougs car after he said Betty Friedan was PMSing when she wrote The Feminine Mystique.Im not sure Id describe that as hilarious so much as scary. Besides, that was your idea, he reminded me. You two are dangerous. Your whole soul-stealing act seems kind of softcore compared to the stuff you and Maddie concoct.I grinned. It was true. I hadnt really hung out with a lot of women in the last century or so and was discovering Id been absentminded out. You bear no idea. Social awkwardness or not, shes the crush thing thats happened to me in a era.Oh?Well, present comp all excluded of course.Sure. Whatever you ordain.Hey. I some grabbed his hand, then remembered we were in public. Theres no competition. Youre a better cook. And a better kisser.I didnt realize youd tried her out.Well, you complete how much I like writers.My smile slipped a itsy-bitsy as my mind switched subjects. Id been thinking about my energy loss all morning, particularly since Id probably be pursuance my hit tonight or tomorrow. Jerome had blown the matter off, but like usual, I couldnt let it go. I decided then that Id go visit my friend Erik Lancaster, Seattles local mortal source of occult k nowadaysledge. He seemed to admit more than my cronies half the time.I extended the invitation to Seth, and he hold to come with me. I was glad. I had often thought it might do him some good to talk to some other human who regularly dealt with the supernatural. This was as good of a time as any.Seth met me at my place after work, and we mic rowaved a quick dinner before heading out. As we walked down the stairs of my building, he teased me about Maddie again.You guys were working in the office a while. Sure you werent making out?Not too much, I assured him.He laughed and caught hold of my hand. I jerked him toward me. Our lips met in a kiss, and as the warmth of his body stirred mine, I had no doubts about what the best thing in my life was. After a a couple of(prenominal) invigorated-flavored moments, we followed the drill and separated, our reluctance making the disentanglement a bit awkward in execution.Yeah, I told him. Shes definitely not as good a kisser as I cut myself off, grimacing as I felt Niphon coming toward us. His immortal aura felt slimy and musky. I stepped farther away from Seth and glared down the sidewalk at the approaching imp. comprehend me, he waved a hand in greeting.Excuse me a moment, I muttered. I skipped down the steps and blocked Niphon from getting within earreach of Seth. What do y ou want?Attitude, attitude, Letha, he tsked. Succubi should be charming and cordial at all times. He peered beyond me. Is that the human boyfriend? Can I meet him?You can go the fuck away. Youre speculate to be belongings an eye on Tawny.I live with been, he said cheerfully. Thats why I came to see you. I followed her last night. She was quite confident in her abilities but had some difficulty arranging an assignation in the end. execrable thing. It seems she may take longer than suspected in getting established. Fortunately, Ill propitiate with her until the end.His mocking concern dug into me, just as hed intended. Is that all you came to tell me? Because Im leaving now. Ive got to be somewhere.Of course, of course, he simpered. He gestured vaguely in Seths direction. I didnt mean to interrupt your heated moment, even if it looked like it was about to cool down. A sudden look of realization crossed his face. You dont sleep with him, do you? Youve got some sort of noble sense of duty about take up his life. That poor, poor man. Niphon laughed. Oh, Letha. You are one of the most fascinating creatures Ive ever come across.I turned my back on him and stormed up to Seth. Come on, were leaving.Who was that? he asked as we walked away.Hes an imp. And an asshole.Even almost a block away, I could unruffled just barely catch Niphons taunting laughter. I tried to leave out it as Seth and I walked to his car. Listening to my friends tease me about Seth was annoying enough. From Niphon, it was unbearable. Fortunately, I calmed down by the time Seth and I got on the road. I instead focused on comprehend Erik and hopefully getting my mystery solved.Erik ran a store up in Lake City called Arcana, Ltd. Unfortunately placed in a strip mall, it nonetheless feature a warm, cozy feel. Dim lighting shed a tranquil air, and the bubbling of undersized fountains mingled with the soft sounds of a CD player emitting reiterate music. Books, jewelry, candles, and statuary ho leed up every inch of free space. The sweet scent of nag champa hung in the air.Neat, said Seth, peering more or less as we entered.Erik glanced up from where he was kneeling behind a stack of books. Hed grown a mustache since last I saw him, and I liked the way the gray hair stood out against his dark brown skin. A entitle smile bloomed on his face. unload Kincaid, what an unexpected pleasure. And you have a friend. He rose and walked to us, extending his hand toward Seth.Erik, this is Seth Mortensen. Seth, Erik.They shook. A pleasure, Mr. Mortensen. You exert good company.Yes, said Seth, smiling in return. I do.If were lucky, I said silkily, Erik impart have time for tea. He only serves decaf, so that should crystalise you happy.Of course I have time, said Erik. I doubt theres any man who doesnt have time for you, Miss Kincaid.I shot Seth a scratchy look when Erik left to put down the tea on. Ah, now theres someone who appreciates me. You wouldnt see him shirking me for a b ook.If memory serves, you worship those books. Besides, how else am I hypothetical to keep you in the lifestyle youre accustomed to?If memory serves, I paid the last time we went out. Well, yeah. I was just letting you play liberate so that you and Maddie wouldnt go vandalize my car.When our tea party commenced around Eriks small corner table, I was surprised to hear Seth engage Erik in conversation on what it meant to be a mortal among immortals. Seth wasnt usually so forthcoming, and I wondered just how much immortal supernaturalness trouble him.It puts my sense of time awry, remarked Erik. I see people like Miss Kincaid who stay young and beautiful forever. It makes me feel as though no time has passed. Then I look at myself and see the new wrinkles. I feel the aches in my bones. I realize I entrust be left behindthey will go on and embrace to shape the world without me. He sighed, more with bemusement than sadness. I wish I could see what will happen next.Yes, Seth said, surprising me. His eyes looked dark and solemn. I know what you mean.I glanced over at him, seeing something Id never noticed before. I knew he must think about the future and his own death all mortals did but only now did I realize how much he really thought about those things. Looking at both men, I remembered they would eventually die, and it made something in my chest grow cold. For the space of a heartbeat, I could almost see Seth as wrinkled and gray-haired as Erik.Morbid much, you guys? I asked, trying to affect a blas? air. I didnt come here to work on everyone down. Ive got to pick Eriks brain.Pick away, he said.Wellyou know how I need, uh, life and energy to survive, right? An idiotic statement. Of course he knew. Yesterday morning, I woke up, and my entire stash was gone.Erik considered. Thats normal, isnt it? It fades over time.Not this quickly. Especially since I stopped, perfectly realizing having Seth here might not have been so intoxicating after all. I, um, ha d just gotten a refill the night before.Both men kept neutral prospects. And you did nothing out of the ordinary?No, Jerome thinks it was mental stress. I shrugged. I dont think I was that stressed. I dreameda weird dreambut nothing stressful.Dreams are powerful, Erik said. And sometimes stress can take more out of us than we realize. Unfortunately, I know little about dreams, but He frowned, and his gaze suddenly turned inward.But what?I know someone who might be able to help. individual who specializes in dreams.Who? This sounded promising.Erik took a long time in answering. When he spoke, he seemed unhappy to give up the words. Someone who might as well be signed and sealed to your side. His names Dante Moriarty.I snickered. That cant be his real name.Its not, though Im sure some of your imp and demon friends would know him by any name. Hes a con artistamong other things. Considers himself a magician too.I deal with corrupt people all the time, I pointed out. Doesnt bother me m uch.True, agreed Erik. He still looked troubled, which I found puzzling. Although not evil himself, he interacted with me and others of my ilk on a regular basis without blinking. I wondered what it was about one human that would bother him so much. Ill get you his contact information.He sought out Dantes card, and I browsed around the store while Seth used the bathroom in the back. The old storekeeper handed me the card when he found it.I like Mr. Mortensen a great deal.Yeah. So do I.I know. I can tell.I looked up from a display of bracelets, waiting for more.You talk and move around each other in a way youre probably not even conscious of. Its like how lovers usually interactbut its something more too. You have a continual sense of each other, I think, even when not together. Theres a burning in the air between you.I didnt know what to say to that. It sounded nice but a little intimidating too.Ive never met some other(prenominal) of your kind whos exactly like you, Miss Kincaid . He hesitated, his normally wise-and-competent expression flickering into uncertainty. It was a rare look for him. I dont know how this will turn out.Seth emerged then, picking up that hed interrupted something. He glanced between the two of us, and I rested a reassuring hand on his arm. You about ready to go?Sure.I scanned the rest of the jewelry counter, only half-noticing the contents. Suddenly, I did a double-take and leaned over one of the cases. Erik, where do you find this stuff?He and Seth looked over my shoulder.Ah, yes, said Erik. The Byzantine rings. By the resembling artist who made your ankh necklace.Your artist has a real knack for diachronic detail. They look just like the originals.He walked around the counter and lifted out the tray with the rings. I picked one up. It was an ordinary gold band. Rather than any sort of mounted gem on top, it bore a tranquil and flat disc, almost the size of a dime. Greek letters were inscribed into the metal.What do they mean? as ked Seth.I tried to explain the long-lost custom. Its a benediction. like a prayer for the parallel. This would have been a wedding ring.I examined another depicting Christ and the Virgin still another showed a fine man and woman facing each other.I used to have a ring almost like this, I said softly, round it over in my hands. Neither man said anything, and I in the long run returned it to its tray.On the way home(a), Seth gently asked, What happened to your ring?I stared out the window. Its not important.Tell me.I didnt respond, and he didnt ask me again. When we got back to my place, I saw no sign of Vincent and figured he was out investigation with Charlies Angels. Newspapers were scattered across my kitchen table he apparently liked to keep up on current events. Morbid events, at that. One of the headlines was a story Id heard the other day about a crazy man whod killed his wife after having a vision of seeing her with another man. Mortals did creepy things sometimes. Oka y, a lot of the time.Seth sat on my rove and leaned forward, hands clasped together. Id sensed his mood shift when I wouldnt answer in the car.ThetisYou want to know about the ring.The ring doesnt matter so much. Its justwell, Ive seen you get like this. Something bugs you, something you remember. But you wont talk to me about it. There are days I feel like you dont tell me anything.I sat down next to him, avoiding eye contact in a way he often did. I tell you plenty.Not about your past.I have a lot of past, and I talk about it all the time.YeahI guess. He absentmindedly stroked my arm. But you dont talk about your mortal past. Before you were a succubus.So? Does it make a difference of opinion? Youre with me now. You know the kind of person I am now.I do. And I love that person. And I want to know whats important to you. What made you who you are. I want to know what stands you so that I can help.You dont need to know that to know who I am. My human past doesnt enter in to anythi ng, I said stiffly.I cant believe that.Again, I didnt answer.I dont know anything about that part of your life, he continued. I dont know your real name. What you really look like. Where you grew up. I dont even know how old you are.Hey, its not just me. You have plenty of things you dont talk about, I pointed out, trying to deflect the attention.What do you want to know?Well I groped for something I didnt know much about. You never talk about your dad. How he died.Seth answered immediately, without hesitation. Not much to tell. Cancer. I was thirteen. According to a therapist Mom made us see, I withdrew into a world of fantasy to cope.I leaned my head against his shoulder, knowing hed boom on anything I wanted to know in a subdued, Seth sort of way. It was ironic considering his normal conversational reticence, but that was how he operated. He believed relationships had to have an open exchange of honesty and baring of souls. I supposed he was right, but there were too many dark part of my soul I didnt want to share. Parts I was afraid would stir him off.I knew Seth well enough to realize he wouldnt fight back this issue anymore tonight, but I could also sense his hurt and disappointment. He didnt ask me these questions to upset me he did it out of sincere affection. That didnt make it easier, unfortunately, and I fought my anxiety and long- inhumed pain to try to offer him something. Anything. Anything to show I was making an effort in this relationship. My original face and name were abruptly to me, obsolete reminders of the woman Id left behind, never mind Niphons insistence on calling me Letha. Seth would never know those things.We sat together for a long time while I decided what I could give up. Finally, with the words sticking in my mouth, I said, I grew up in Cyprus. The air grew tense as we both waited for more. In the early 5th century. I dont know exactly what year I was born. We didnt really keep track of those things.He exhaled. I hadnt re alized hed been holding his confidential information. Slowly, carefully, he put an arm around me and pressed his lips against my hair. Thank you.I buried my face against his shoulder, not knowing what I hid from. Id barely given him anything just a couple of pieces of trivia. Nonetheless, yielding that tiny bit from a place in me I wanted to hide from was powerful. I felt exposed and insecure without fully understanding why. Seth gently stroked my hair.Is the ring from around that time? he asked.I nodded against him.Itd be worth a lot then, I suppose.I lost it, I whispered.He must have picked up on the anguish in my voice. He held me tighter. Im sorry.We stayed together a while longer that night, but I knew he wanted to go home and work at his own place. Unable to deny him, I shooed him away, though I had a feeling that he would have stayed if Id asked it.Once he was gone, I went into my bedroom and closed the door. Kneeling in front of my open closet, I pulled out box after box, setting them haphazardly around the room. My organization lacked something like, say, organization and it took me a while to sift through the clutter of junk. Finally, I produced a shoebox covered in dust.Lifting the lid, I felt my breath catch. Old, brown letters lay stacked with a few photographs. A heavy gold cross on a fraying string lay among the papers, along with other small treasures. I carefully hunted around until I found what I wanted a bronze ring, discolor with age.I held it in my hands, still able to discern the engraved couple atop the mounted disc. It was a cruder job but still very similar to Eriks modern renditions. I ran my fingertips along the rings edges without knowing what I did. I even tried it on, but it didnt fit. It had been made for larger fingers than I had now. I refused to shape-shift to the right size.I kept the ring out for a few more minutes, thinking of Seth and Cyprus and all sorts of things. Finally, unable to stand the ache within me, I put the ring back into its box and buried it once more in the closet.

Who’s Responsible for Obesity?

Obesity is everybodys responsibility the p arnts and the school authorities, the warm food companies, and the government. Since the issue is now a societal problem afterwards reaching epidemic proportions, it deserves no less than the attention of everybody to deal with obesity. (Raley & Burnor, n.d.)Hence, it is unless proper to point out the individual accountabilities of these sectors of society and compel them to do their share in combating the problem.While the responsibility of providing a healthy diet to children mainly belongs to the parents, school authorities are also duty-bound to inculcate into the minds of schoolchildren the right-hand(a) values of nutrition.Such are the duties assigned them by society the former be the persons who see the obligation, under the laws of God and country, of nourishing their offsprings, the latter being the individuals who are in the best position to influence the young minds of children. If only the parents and the teachers have be en doing their duties faithfully, fast food outlets would non have succeeded in causing obesity.Even as fast foods companies have the right to advertise their products, such(prenominal) right does non free them of their moral obligation to warn the public about the obstinate effects of their foods. The U.S. constitution itself would only allow the exercise of ones rights as long as doing so does not deprive others of their testify rights. In this context, fast foods companies are within their right to engage in gainful enterprise moreover they should not do so at the expense of the publics health.Even if the court exempted them from any legal obligation after observing that everybody knows that fast foods contain high levels of cholesterol, fat, salt and sugar, and that such attributes are bad for one, the courts legal opinion is not a moral judgment. The harmful effects of cigarettes are also well-known, but the law compels cigarette manufacturers to continuously warn the pub lic. Why not hold fast fast foods companies to do the same? (Raley & Burnor, n.d.)ReferenceRaley, Y. & Burnor, R. (n.d.). Case 1 Whos liable for Obesity? (Article provided with

Performing and Visual Arts Essay

Visual and performing humanistic discipline enhance our lives in a frame of modal values. When spanning from things inherent in nature such(prenominal) as the instance of a sun bent, sunrise, or perchance a full moon, to the most mundane and manifestly inane instance of body piercings or an arm tattoo. Art constitutes unnumerable meanings, translating oppositely from one individual to the next. Among its broadest categories however, aside from visual maneuvers such as delineation music, theater and dance concerns to a signifi arset feel of performance art. Painting, of course, is a form of visual art which has long interpreted a prominent place in the art world.Artists express their sentiments and ideologies by brushes and paint indulging in these say worldviews and inspiration by way of paper or canvass. But more than creativeness, the discipline requires an amount of tackiness and structure on the artists part . The use of watercolors for instance, is perhaps the tri ckiest and difficult medium to master or dabble in where painting is concerned. Watercolor Painting commands the artists ability with the brush, and the delicate proportionality of mixing the colors with the aforementioned liquid.Oil paintings on the other hand, come on to have the greatest depth visually than any other painting medium, and the concept of oil on canvass alship canal rings a prominent tune where the subject of art is concerned. But artists who paint by the said medium deals with the instance of its messy process , of the relatively tart smells it yields, and the stretching period of time by which it dries . The opposite of which, is perhaps that of acrylic, which takes a faster time to dry, thereby dictating the time by which the artist is to cobblers cobblers last the painting in question.The use of acrylics is also the most versatile of medium, its prohibit result approximating, or appearing to emu lately a painting do by watercolor, gouache, oil, and so on . Gouache is a medium in painting which can be synonymous with watercolor, because of the similar element existing in twain medium that is water. But gouache colors appear heavier than watercolors, and dry to a naughty opaque color. Because it is thinned down by water, and doesnt rely intemperately on it as watercolors do, it is as less difficult to work with. At most, visual art, or painting in particular, is a two dimensional take and representation of reality and humanity. or so art movements took root and relate to aspects of painting such as Surrealism, Action Painting, Expressionism, and Cubism, among various others. They represent styles, techniques, concepts, sensibilities and philosophies which provide to varying end results in painting. According to the textbook Perceiving the arts, opera house house house is defined as the combination of drama and music into a superstar artistic form (Sporre, 2009). Opera is made up of primarily music along with other elements sim ilar to a play such as costumes, scenery, lights, and a plot.Unlike a play, the plot of an opera unfolds by dint of a combination of acting and singing. The follow provides an historical development and evolution of opera and the characteristics of the opera genre. In addition, the following provides information on famous composers associated with opera and concludes with the influence opera has made on society and culture. Historical suppuration and Evolution The art of opera began during the Renaissance era in the late 16th century in Florence, Italy. Opera started as Greek plays recreated by adding music.According to the Music Lessons Online web site (2010), the first recorded opera was called Dafne and it was created in the late 1500s. Opera style spread quickly crosswise Europe and soon the first opera house was built in Venice, Italy in 1637. At this time, opera became available to the public, not just noblesse entertainment. By 1700, 16 public opera houses opened (Columbia n Encyclopedia, 2008). At that time, opera was considered an Italian music form. Lyrics were written in Italian only. Christoph Gluck is a German composer credited with changing the face of opera with Orfeo et Eurydice in 1762, staged in Vienna.Orfeo et Eurydice is said to have changed opera because of its emphasis on drama (Asiado, 2007). The opera was the first of many reformed operas composed by Gluck, and influenced composers like Mozart. Orfeo et Eurydice set the standard for the modern opera style we see today. Opera in the long run emerged in German, French, Spanish, and Russian in the 19th century. France produced the Grand Opera that would last four to five hours and include ballet dancers. wherefore or Why not? People usually create or perform in arts because some of us just can not be satisfied with an ordinary life style.We prefer to ask why not, sort of of why? We like to experiment, imagine and the set it as a portray, the improbable, the unlikely, and unaccepted j ust to make sure that all the things we think are come forward there and arent any closer than any imaginations. The act of creativity becomes progress to humans. I do it for the feeling of accomplishing something worthwhile (like Rocky said I coulda been a contender In addition to this it is a gift. Arts in Society The arts play a valued enjoyment in creating cultures and developing and documenting civilizations.Students of the arts gain powerful tools for communicating through creative expression understanding human experiences, past and present adapting to and respecting the ways others think, work, and express themselves using artistic modes of problem solving, which, in turn, bring an start of expressive, analytical, and development tools to every human situation understanding the power of the arts to create and reflect cultures understanding the impact of design on to the highest degree all we use in daily life understanding the mutualness of work in the arts and the wo rlds of ideas and events making decisions in situations where there are no standard answersanalyzing nonverbal communication and making informed judgments some cultural products and issues and for communicating thoughts and feelings in a variety of modes, thereby providing a more powerful repertoire of self-expression. Because each arts discipline appeals to different senses and expresses itself through different media, each adds a special richness to the encyclopaedism environment. Arts education helps students learn to identify, appreciate, and participate in the traditional and non-traditional art forms of their own communities and the communities of others.As students imagine, create, and reflect, they are developing the verbal and non-verbal abilities necessary for life-long learning. The skilful demands of the arts help students develop problem-solving abilities and such powerful thinking skills as analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating. Numerous studies point toward a con sistent and positive correlation in the midst of substantive education in the arts and student achievement in other subjects. A comprehensive, well-designed arts education program also engages students in a process that helps them develop the self-esteem, self-discipline, cooperation, and self-motivation necessary for success in life. Most importantly, the arts should be experienced and studied for their own intrinsic value.

Analysis of “Uphill” by Christina Rossetti Essay

rising by Christina Rossetti is an eitheregory about aliveness and last. Rossetti is considered one of the finest religious poets of her metre and her many spiritual beliefs are conveyed in her poem Uphill. H.B. de Groot said, Undeniably, her crocked lyric gifts are a great deal held in check by her honourable and theological scruples (Groot). The dialogue style Rossetti accustoms mimics the parables told by saviour in The Bible. In Overview of Christina (Georgina) Rossetti one author stated that during her adult purport, Rossetti turned raze two marriage proposals, due to her strong religious convictions. Instead of marrying, she employ her convictions to script eloquent poetry that reaffirms faith for the faithful and provides faith for the hopeless. Rossettis use of illustrations, attributes, and biblical allusions in Uphill conveys the idea of life and death and represents the unenviable journey to salvation and the promise of eternal life in paradise.In Uphill, Rossetti uses similes to invite the proof indorser to draw comparisons between ones journey through life, death, and eternal rest. The first question and answer the vocaliser mentions is a metaphor to depict the road being traveled, conveying that it is difficult and long, much like life Does the road wind up-hill all the commission?/Yes, to the very end (Rossetti 1-2). In lines five and seven the talker system develops the metaphor of darkness and darkness to mean death only when is there for the night a resting-place?/May not the darkness hide it from my face (5/7)? The speaker seems doubtful and unsure about the process of death and provokes the speaker to choose questions about the after-life. Assurance of such a place is found in line eight when the inn is used as a metaphor to describe heave, a place that You cannot miss (8).The author uses symbols to assist the reader by evoking a deeper subconscious meaning of ones acclivitous trek towards heaven. The title of the poem Uphill serves as a symbol for the difficulties encountered along the speakers journey. In lines six and eight the run-in _roof_ and _inn_ are symbols for the security felt, when the slow dark hours begin./You cannot miss that inn (6/8). Rossetti uses the say _bed_ in lines fifteen and sixteen torepresent the final resting place for those want eternal life in heaven Will there be beds for me and all who seek?/Yea, beds for all who come (15-16). Beds invoke feelings of comfort and zeal and peace. The speaker hopes to find the same comfort and peace in heaven with an eternal place to sleep.The Biblical allusions Rossetti uses in the poem help the reader understand what happens after death. Matthew 714 explains that the path to salvation go forth be difficult and long and is file name extensiond in line trio when the speaker asks how long the days journey leave behind quest But small is the ingress and narrow the road that leads to life, and only a few find it (_New Inte rnational Version_, Matthew. 7.14). In the Bible, Christ teaches that there are two ways right and wrong, good and evil. The road to the narrow gate is not only constricted, but also uphill. It is a struggle and often not the easy way, which is why only few endure it. But it is the only path that lead lead you to eternal life. All another(prenominal) ways may be easier, but lead to destruction. In lines xi and twelve, the speaker receives assurance that by knocking, the entrys leave behind be open at the end of the journey, a Biblical allusion to Matthew 77.This verse states that if one asks, seeks, and knocks that the door will be open Ask, and it will be given to you seek, and you will find knock, and it will be opened to you. For everyone who asks receives, and the one who seeks finds, and to the one who knocks it will be opened (Matthew 7.7). In John 142 Jesus comforts his twelve disciples by saying There is more than overflowing room in my Fathers home. If this were not s o, would I exhaust told you that I am going to prepare a place for you? When everything is ready, I will come get you, so that you will always be with me where I am (John 14.2). This verse serves as a point of reference to lines fifteen and sixteen in the poem Will there be beds for me and all who seek?/Yea, beds for all who come (15-16). Christians believe that there is a dwelling-place in which devout believing souls would abide forever. Believers gain comfort in knowing that He has already prepared such a fussy place that is vast and sufficient in room for all his people.Rossettis poem is a beautiful illustration of ones journey through life as illustrated by the questions the speaker asks throughout the poem. In thebeginning the speaker is anxious about the journey that lies ahead and asks Does the road wind up-hill all the way (1), but by the end of the poem the speaker is serene and assured about the final resting place Shall I find comfort, travel-sore and debile (13)? Ro ssetti links ones journey to life, death, and eternity by use metaphors throughout the text. Symbols are layered throughout the text to assist the reader with identifying heaven. Rossettis use of Biblical allusions allow the reader to grasps what eternity will be like for those that believe and stay the course of the _uphill_ journey. The difficult life and death decisions made along the journey towards salvation and eternity in heaven are made evident throughout the poem with the use of metaphors, symbols, and Biblical allusions.Works CitedChristina Rossetti. _Contemporary Authors Online_. Detroit Gale, 2006. _Literature Resource__Center_. Web. 19 Mar. 2014._English Standard Version_. Bible Gateway. Web. 26 Mar. 2014.Rossetti, Christina. Uphill. _Literature An insertion to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing_. Seventh Edition. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 7th ed. Boston Pearson, 2013.

ICT AND FILM INDUSTRY

digital engineering science in the by decade has exclusively changed the photograph sedulousness. focalization on the crucial procedures of photo reservation and the squeeze that engineering had on each of the beas, this research would look at late(a) reforms in the pre- take stop of engage making, further more than we bequeath try to have it off the sweet instruments, equipment and storeho employ facilities being apply by modern hire makers and producers. Film dispersal and the adverse tints that engineering has had on the image intentness, major(ip)ly on the illegitimate sales event and plagiarism of assumerighted hooey is scrutinized.Post-theatre convey scattering and the revolutionary discovery technologies in the exertion ar explored to look at the consecutive changes in education and exercise of professionals in the moving- understand show industry. calculator generated nontextual matter and the growing impact ICT has do in the industry is cover and the future of the contract industry is predicted. ICT piddle awayed a lot of appointed role in different asp viperect of the world today. It has touched the aesculapian industries, educational sector, political sector and even the icon or fritter away industries.This paper talk over on how ICT dupe positively impact the movie/ accept industry today. If we wholly remember our young age, we plausibly recognise of the clxx0s, 1800s, or 1900s when the movie we watch argon all cassettes or analog, and probably non durable, with the encourage of ICT today we push aside see changes in the word-painting applied science in the present world. As revolution retains in the movie industries the impacts of ICT stool made the following changes Technological tools have changed the delve typography procedures by making use of the net income, apply digital editing tools.The profits is also been used by scriptwriters to forward their scripts to producers, direct ors and potential cast associates in other to be reviewed by each characters either by consort review in a way of online forums. There has been a crucial plus in the past decade in the use of digital painting cameras for depiction with low budget planning along with towering definition television set which is set to compete and go beyond the beat 35mm fool two in eccentric and flexibility (culkin & Randle 2003). The post achievement phase of movie making has possibly been the most important force by the new technological inclination.The introduction of non-linear technology has made the use of flash redact manually inefficient and time consuming. This procedure involves attachment and putting unitedly film in a virtual classify where the directors, producers, and editors view the widening of the film on screen. (culkin & randle 2003. p. 8) The whole course of film making has been all technology driven, everything from the dissemination to the projection of movie to audiences (consumers). However, the absence of commercial agreements among distributors and exhibitors of the films has slowed down the conversion to digital technologies.For instance, tho 170 movie theatres virtually the man have converted to what is recognized as high-end digital (culkin & Randle 2003). Profit margins for the studios argon recognizably decrea verbalize, now being out casted or outnumbered by the back up industry. So satellite delivery have of late made its low employation on film industry and reports has shown that upon dependable execution of film distribution, it can save the film industry of hail of $700 million per year. (markman). A major problem the movie industry has been veneer for the past geezerhood since the introduction of technology in the industry is the piracy and copyright issue.For this author copyrighted movies have been easily affordable more than the original film produced for distribution. For movie and music bureau, these make to quite a few lawsuits against peer-to-peer networks and individuals as result for stealing and distribution of these movies and music materials. This will always be one of the major industries issues the industry would have to typesetters case since the public (consumers) has regain to this low cost copyrighted material (peer-2-peer and videodisc writers).Nevertheless, the movie industry has endeavored to decrease the risk of piracy of movies by creasing the (CSS) cognise as content scrambling system in which only authentic videodisk or VCD products which quit a certain decryption algorithmic rule can play the special(prenominal) movie. The same technology also has the capability to rearrange the video and audio recording on the videodisc/CD so that only a videodisc with the same decryption algorithm can play the film perfectly. The CSS technology is also designed to prevent users from direct copy of data from videodiscs.Though, not long after the CSS technology was i ntroduced, Norwegian teenagers repeal engineered a DVD technology by breaking the code that delay the decryption algorithm and uploaded decryption softw ar for users around the world to use. These means that the movie industry would need to keep updating and also regain and option to this difficulties (markman). The post-theatre food market accounts roughly for three quarters of movies income during its lifetime. The principal of these are ideo rental shops which accounts for nearly half of all profits (). The DVD has only brought a new dimension to the industry, nice the fastest growing client electronics item of all time (culkin & Randle 2003). DVDs have undeniably increased film studios income when it decided to provide movie content to the home consumers with unbelievable picture and sound quality which does not worn out like the senior VHS cassettes (markman). A new and rapidly developing area in the distribution marches of film industries is cinema on demand.This is a scenario where consumers download their appetite movie over the internet instead of going down to their topical anaesthetic video store or cinema house. The advantage of this technology is that closely reduction or no-fees are needed to access the movie and the rag if any when travelling to the video rental store or cinema house (culkin & Randle 2003). Rapid changes in the movie industry in late(a) age have oblige many professionals around the world in audio and graphic industries to clear new and specialized skills.This is an ongoing schooling in most industries. An physical exercise is that the post-production industries are expected to have continuous upgrades of equipment and software which will lead to continual re-training of employees/crews which in turns increase production costs (culkin & Randle 2003). incoming distributions big businessman comprise allowing editors in different countries to editors in various countries to edit film by just gaining access to di gitized media on a server without in currentity leaving the comfort of his or her house.planet distributions to cinemas are at the forefront of future film circulations and distributions. George Lucas, the director of star topology wars is looking forward to using satellite technology to project the succor of the episode in cinemas. This process of digitally distribution of the film through and through data projectors is known as E-Cinema (& Randle 2003). It is not expensive and unquestionably waxy in terms of distribution power nevertheless Cinemas who wish to implement this new technology would have to acquire substantial expenses when converting to digital projection.This technology is very much pipe down in the ontogeny level and the impact is not really seen hitherto (& Randle 2003). Gregory Huang article titled the new slope of the movie industry studies the development in calculator animate graphics in past years. new-fashioned blockbuster movies like Spiderman 3 are good examples of how far computer graphics have come in recent years. The movie industry have come to a salute in which every exclusive event in film making process can be computer generated .In past years, the technology illustrations of faces have not looked real when seen a lot closer as it is easier to make non-human objects like dinosaurs real, moreover, improvements in rendering human body or skin, lighting or darkening digital scenes and examining human characters or actors are now allowing animation engineers to exert and take control of every sing movement of pixels in an animated format (skin).Huang (2004) reports that an average budget for a bestseller film cost well-nigh $150 million where it is exceptional to see more than 50% of accompaniment allocated to just the computer generated effect which in turns raise revenue to astir(predicate) average of $700 million per year. At to the lowest degree we can say that there is no area at heart the movie industry that has not been impacted by technology over the past years. The major impacts for pre-production phase have been focused on the development of script-writing tools as well as the increase use of internet to distribute script to editors, directors and other important parties within the industry.Generally equipment costs have drastically increased drastically cut down at the same time quality and flexibility of products has increased. The confinement of non-linear technology has all but made hand edited or manually edited movies an extinct and fast-track the whole film editing process (culkin & Randle 2003). The major downside which has increased concerns around film industries around the world is that it has become passing easy for consumers around the world to copy copyrighted movie material and this keep generating problems in the industries till date.lastly we can say that the attainment in technology would only continue to bring improvement in the movie industries around the world and it is definitely set to revolutionize the industries for years to come.REFERENCECulkin, Nigel & Randle, Keith 2003, Facing the Digital Future The Implications of Digital Technology for the Film Industry, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire. Huang, Gregory 2004, The unexampled Face of Hollywood, Technology Review, http//www. technologyreview. com/articles/04/09/huang0904. asp? p=0.Markman, David & Vega 2001, Mark, Digital Future Movie Industry Tries to Keep peerless Step Ahead of Hackers, Daily Journal, Los Angeles. ICT AND moving-picture show INDUSTRY Digital technology in the past decade has totally changed the movie industry. Focusing on the crucial procedures of movie making and the impact that technology had on each of the areas, this research would look at recent reforms in the pre-production part of film making, furthermore we will try to know the new instruments, equipment and storage facilities being used by modern film makers and producers.Film distribu tion and the adverse impacts that technology has had on the movie industry, majorly on the illegitimate sale and piracy of copyrighted material is scrutinized. Post-theatre film distribution and the revolutionary breakthrough technologies in the industry are explored to look at the continuous changes in education and exercise of professionals in the movie industry. Computer generated graphics and the growing impact ICT has made in the industry is covered and the future of the film industry is predicted.ICT played a lot of positive role in different aspect of the world today. It has touched the medical industries, educational sector, governmental sector and even the movie or film industries. This paper discourse on how ICT have positively impacted the movie/film industry today. If we all remember our young age, we probably think of the 1700s, 1800s, or 1900s when the movie we watch are all cassettes or analog, and probably not durable, with the help of ICT today we can see changes in the video technology in the present world.As revolution continues in the movie industries the impacts of ICT have made the following changes Technological tools have changed the script writing procedures by making use of the internet, using digital editing tools. The internet is also been used by scriptwriters to forward their scripts to producers, directors and potential cast associates in other to be reviewed by each characters either by peer review in a way of online forums.There has been a crucial increase in the past decade in the use of digital video cameras for film with low budget planning along with high definition video which is set to compete and go beyond the standard 35mm film both in quality and flexibility (culkin & Randle 2003). The post production phase of movie making has possibly been the most important impacted by the new technological inclination. The introduction of non-linear technology has made the use of film edited manually inefficient and time consuming.T his procedure involves fixing and putting together film in a virtual screen where the directors, producers, and editors view the output of the film on screen. (culkin & randle 2003. p. 8) The whole course of film making has been completely technology driven, everything from the distribution to the projection of movie to audiences (consumers). However, the absence of commercial agreements between distributors and exhibitors of the films has slowed down the conversion to digital technologies. For instance, only 170 cinemas around the globe have converted to what is recognized as high-end digital (culkin & Randle 2003).Profit margins for the studios are recognizably decreasing, now being out casted or outnumbered by the game industry. So satellite delivery have recently made its first implementation on film industry and reports has shown that upon full execution of film distribution, it can save the film industry of cost of $700 million per year. (markman). A major problem the movie in dustry has been facing for the past years since the introduction of technology in the industry is the piracy and copyright issue. For this reason copyrighted movies have been easily affordable more than the original film produced for distribution.For movie and music content, these lead to quite a few lawsuits against peer-to-peer networks and individuals as result for stealing and distribution of these movies and music materials. This will always be one of the major industries issues the industry would have to face since the public (consumers) has access to this low cost copyrighted material (peer-2-peer and DVD writers). Nevertheless, the movie industry has endeavored to decrease the risk of piracy of movies by creasing the (CSS) known as content scrambling system in which only authentic DVD or VCD products which contain a certain decryption algorithm can play the particular movie.The same technology also has the capability to rearrange the video and audio on the DVD/CD so that onl y a DVD with the same decryption algorithm can play the film perfectly. The CSS technology is also designed to prevent users from direct copying of data from DVDs. Though, not long after the CSS technology was introduced, Norwegian teenagers reverse engineered a DVD technology by breaking the code that contain the decryption algorithm and uploaded decryption software for users around the world to use. These means that the movie industry would need to keep updating and also find and option to this difficulties (markman).The post-theatre market accounts roughly for three quarters of movies income during its lifetime. The principal of these are video rental shops which accounts for nearly half of all profits (). The DVD has completely brought a new dimension to the industry, becoming the fastest growing customer electronics item of all time (culkin & Randle 2003). DVDs have undeniably increased film studios income when it decided to provide movie content to the home consumers with unbe lievable picture and sound quality which does not worn out like the old VHS cassettes (markman).A new and rapidly developing area in the distribution processes of film industries is Movie on demand. This is a scenario where consumers download their desire movie over the internet instead of going down to their local video store or cinema house. The advantage of this technology is that virtually reduction or no-fees are needed to access the movie and the inconvenience if any when travelling to the video rental store or cinema house (culkin & Randle 2003).Rapid changes in the movie industry in recent years have forced many professionals around the world in audio and graphic industries to acquire new and specialized skills. This is an ongoing development in most industries. An example is that the post-production industries are expected to have continuous upgrades of equipment and software which will lead to continual re-training of employees/crews which in turns increase production cost s (culkin & Randle 2003).Future distributions might comprise allowing editors in different countries to editors in various countries to edit film by just gaining access to digitized media on a server without actually leaving the comfort of his or her house. Satellite distributions to cinemas are at the vanguard of future film circulations and distributions. George Lucas, the director of star wars is looking forward to using satellite technology to project the rest of the episode in cinemas. This process of digitally distribution of the film through data projectors is known as E-Cinema (& Randle 2003).It is not expensive and definitely flexible in terms of distribution power nevertheless Cinemas who wish to implement this new technology would have to acquire substantial expenses when converting to digital projection. This technology is very much still in the development level and the impact is not really seen yet (& Randle 2003). Gregory Huang article titled the new face of the movie industry studies the development in computer animated graphics in past years. Recent blockbuster movies like Spiderman 3 are good examples of how far computer graphics have come in recent years.The movie industry have come to a stage in which every single event in film making process can be computer generated . In past years, the technology illustrations of faces have not looked real when seen a lot closer as it is easier to make non-human objects like dinosaurs real, moreover, improvements in rendering human body or skin, lighting or darkening digital scenes and examining human characters or actors are now allowing animation engineers to manage and take control of every sing movement of pixels in an animated format (skin).Huang (2004) reports that an average budget for a bestseller film cost approximately $150 million where it is exceptional to see more than 50% of funding allocated to just the computer generated effect which in turns raise revenue to about average of $700 million per year. At least we can say that there is no area within the movie industry that has not been impacted by technology over the past years.The major impacts for pre-production phase have been focused on the development of script-writing tools as well as the increase use of internet to distribute script to editors, directors and other important parties within the industry. Generally equipment costs have drastically increased drastically reduced at the same time quality and flexibility of products has increased. The confinement of non-linear technology has all but made hand edited or manually edited movies an extinct and fast-track the whole film editing process (culkin & Randle 2003).The major downside which has increased concerns around film industries around the world is that it has become extremely easy for consumers around the world to copy copyrighted movie material and this keep generating problems in the industries till date. Finally we can say that the advancement in technol ogy would only continue to bring improvement in the movie industries around the world and it is definitely set to revolutionize the industries for years to come.REFERENCE Culkin, Nigel & Randle, Keith 2003, Facing the Digital Future The Implications of Digital Technology for the Film Industry, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire. Huang, Gregory 2004, The New Face of Hollywood, Technology Review, http//www. technologyreview. com/articles/04/09/huang0904. asp? p=0. Markman, David & Vega 2001, Mark, Digital Future Movie Industry Tries to Keep One Step Ahead of Hackers, Daily Journal, Los Angeles.